Note: Data recovery from various formatted disks is described in the following articles:

R Studio Unable To Locate Binary After Installed
Rstudio Unable To Locate Binary
R Studio Unable To Locate Binary After Installation

Unable to install package in R Studio- Unable to translateto native encoding. I am unable to install the package from my R Studio. Not sure what's the meaning. 'Unable to find an installation of R on the system (which R didn't return valid output); Unable to locate R binary by scanning standard locations' Did you install R already from the EPEL software repository? (see FAQ below for disambiguation between R and RStudio).

External USB disks are becoming larger, faster and more affordable every day. This makes them nearly ideal for use as mass storage devices for music, videos, photos or as backup storage for files and systems.

While USB disks are generally very reliable as file storage, they do introduce some unique risks when compared to internal disks and non-removable media. The most obvious risks are physical hazards, such as a disk being dropped on the ground, mishandled or exposed to harsh environments (extreme heat or cold, moisture or direct sunlight) for a prolonged time.

Logical errors caused by improper removal from a computer or sudden power loss are also a common risk for removable hard disk and flash drives. All major operating systems include an 'eject' command, which prepares your disk to be physically removed from the computer or device. This ensures that no write operations are currently in progress when the disk is removed. If a disk is roughly disconnected while the operating system is accessing it, the disk's file system may be damaged, causing the disk (and the files on it) to become inaccessible. When attempting to mount the disk, the computer will be unable to recognize the file system or may see it as unallocated space (and therefore ask to format the disk). The screenshot below shows a damaged disk in Windows Disk Manager.
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Other operating systems show such disks much the same way
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Judging by the information given by these disk utilities, it may appear that the data on the disk has been completely wiped out or lost. However, in most cases, it hasn't been. Some or all of your data may still be on the disk, albeit invisible to the operating system.

R-Studio is a data recovery utility that lets you 'see' that data in ways that the operating system can't. R-Studio can identify and analyze the contents of the damaged disk without relying on an intact file system. This allows you to recover your important data, even if the disk is damaged beyond readability. This article will show you how to do that, step by step.

Before We Begin
Important: This step-by-step data recovery tutorial presumes that your disk is in good physical shape and is damaged due to a logical error (e.g. improper disconnection or accidental reformat). If there appears to be a hardware problem with the disk or if the disk has suffered some sort of physical trauma, it's best to seek out the services of a professional data recovery specialist. Beyond checking that the cables are firmly connected, any 'do it yourself' data recovery efforts may actually worsen your chances of recovering the data if your disk has a serious physical malfunction. Signs that a disk has a physical failure include:

The system does not recognize the device at all, or it appears with an unusual or garbled name.
A SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) utility warns that a severe hardware failure event has occurred.
The hard drive makes unusual noises, clicks, or takes a very long time to spin up and initialize.
Bad blocks continually appear on the drive.

All these cases are best handled by qualified data recovery professionals only. They have special equipment, software, and, most important, the required skills to work with such drives. Neither R-Studio, nor other data recovery software will help you in such cases. Moreover, any further tampering with such a drive will surely inflict more damage to your data. Quite often, such damage will render the data completely irrecoverable.

There are a few other general tips before we begin. First, it's best to use the fastest interface available when performing data recovery. Many USB drives have additional eSATA interfaces, which are faster than even USB 3.0. Also, make sure you have enough space to restore recovered files. R-Studio can save files to any local or network drive visible to the host OS. Never save recovered files onto the same disk that they are being recovered from. Lastly, you don't have to buy R-Studio to start the data recovery process. You can perform most of these steps using the Demo mode. This will let you estimate your chances for a successful file recovery. If it appears that your files can be recovered, you can purchase an R-Studio license and enter the registration key on the fly without re-installing the software or restarting the process.

With all that being said, let's begin.
(Note: The screenshots in this tutorial are from R-Studio for Windows, but the procedure is the same for the Mac and Linux versions.)

To recover data from a formatted or damaged disk, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Start R-Studio and locate the damaged disk. Most likely, it'll be shown as a disk without a valid file system.
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Step 2
Scan the damaged disk. To do so, right-click the damaged disk and select Scan on the shortcut menu. This opens the Scan dialog box.
In the Scan dialog box, you'll be presented with a number of options.
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Scan Area
For most file systems, the information about the file structure may be scattered over the entire disk, so it's best to scan the entire disk (default).
File System
If you know for sure which file system the disk used, select it here. If you aren't sure, use one of the default file systems:

For Windows - NTFS
For Mac - HFS/APFS
For SD memory cards and USB memory sticks - FAT
For Linux - Ext2/Ext3/Ext4

Extra Search for Known File Types
Check the box next to 'Extra Search for Known File Types' to activate an additional data recovery algorithm, also known as search for file signatures or raw file recovery.

You can also select which specific file types you want to search for. To do so, click the Known File Types button. In the Known File Types dialog box, select each file type you want to include in the search and click OK.
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R Studio Unable To Locate Binary After Installed

For more information on which file types R-Studio supports, refer to the on-line help documentation: List of known file types.

If a certain file type isn't natively supported, you can specify your own known file type. The article Creating a Custom Known File Type for R-Studio explains how.

If you are unsure or don't know which file signature you are looking for, leave the selection as it is.

Save to File
Although it is optional, we recommend checking the box next to 'Save to File.' This will save the scan info to a file so you don't have to re-scan the disk if the process is interrupted. Note that, depending on the complexity of the file and folder structure, the scan info (.scn) file may be as large as 10% of the size of the disk being scanned.

Scan View
Unless you are working on an older, slower machine, there's no need to change the default Scan view option. Selecting Simple or None may speed up the scan on older machines, but for most computers, it won't make enough of a difference to be beneficial.

When you're done with the options, click the Scan button. R-Studio will start scanning the disk and showing its progress.
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Note: Scanning la